Résumé original Original abstract
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The Alexandria region is considered an important, underutilized resource for agriculture, tourism and industrial activities in Egypt. The main pollution sources are comprised of domestic sewage, industrial wastes, agricultural runoff through lake outlets, river discharge, and oil pollution. The effects induced by the Nile River damming on the physical characteristics of coastal waters in the region have been investigated.
As a result of the erection of Aswan High Dam in 1965, the last natural discharge of Nile flood waters into the Mediterranean Sea took place in the summer of 1964. Furthermore, the annual cycle of the discharge has changed.
The most pronounced and direct effect of the Nile damming is reflected in the salinity of Alexandria coastal waters, which increased from less than 27 in 1964 before the erection of Aswan High Dam, to around 38 in the Seventies and more than 39 in 2008. Concurrently, the temperature of surface waters increased by about 0.62°C/decade over the last 20 years. Overall, the increase in temperature and salinity with time observed in the coastal waters of the Alexandria region may be attributed either to anthropogenic modifications, especially the Nile damming, or to local climatic changes.
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